Failing to Prepare: the Erosion of Intraoperative Cholangiography in the Rising Surgical Workforce—a National Review of General Surgery Residents’ Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Intraoperative Cholangiogram Experience

Katharine E. Caldwell, Elizabeth C. Wood, L. Michael Brunt,Lucas P. Neff, Carl Westcott, Michael M. Awad, Shan L. Kalmeta,Vahagn C. Nikolian,Maggie E. Bosley

Surgical Endoscopy（2025）

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Key words

Intraoperative cholangiogram,Laparoscopic cholecystectomy,Trainee,Resident,Autonomy

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