Sensitivity of Chlorophyll Vertical Structure to Model Parameters in the Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE)

The Southern Ocean is a region of intense air-sea exchange that plays a critical role for ocean circulation, global carbon cycling, and climate. Subsurface chlorophyll-a maxima, annually recurrent features throughout the Southern Ocean, may increase the energy flux to higher trophic levels and facilitate downward carbon export. It is important that model parameterizations appropriately represent the chlorophyll vertical structure in the Southern Ocean. Using BGC-Argo chlorophyll profiles and the Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE), we investigate the sensitivity of chlorophyll vertical structure to model parameters. Based on the sensitivity analysis results, we estimate optimized parameters, which efficiently improve the model consistency with observations. We characterize chlorophyll vertical structure in terms of Empirical Orthogonal Functions and define metrics to compare model results and observations in a series of parameter perturbation experiments. We show that chlorophyll magnitudes are likely to respond quasi-symmetrically to perturbations in the analyzed parameters, while depth and thickness of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum show an asymmetric response. Perturbing the phytoplankton growth tends to generate more symmetric responses than perturbations in the grazing rate. We identify parameters that affect chlorophyll magnitude, subsurface chlorophyll or both and discuss insights into the processes that determine chlorophyll vertical structure in B-SOSE. We highlight turbulence, differences in phytoplankton traits, and grazing parameterizations as key areas for improvement in models of the Southern Ocean.