Intra-urban Comparison of Hazardous VOCs in Hong Kong: Source Apportionment and Integrated Risk Assessment
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY(2025)
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a significant role in air quality and climate change, and certain VOCs are harmful to the respiratory system and pose risks of cancer to individuals. In this study, regular monthly samples were collected at two urban stations and one suburban station in Hong Kong from August 2020 to July 2022, and thirty-two hazardous VOC species were measured using GC-MS/FID/ECD analytical instruments. The total health risk of observed VOCs was evaluated based on their ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAFP), and toxicity grades. The contributions from distinct sources to public health risks were investigated by applying Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) technique at different monitoring sites. The results revealed toluene consistently emerged as the most significant VOC species during integrated health risk assessment and solvent usage was the largest health risk contributor at all monitoring sites. In addition, the suburban site also needs to consider the risks from combustion sources, while risks from vehicular exhausts were more important at urban sites. Currently, heightened vigilance is warranted for cancer risks in Hong Kong. Short-lived hydrocarbons, like chloroform, benzene, and trichloroethylene, contributed a lot to cancer risks, and further monitoring is necessary for these non-regulated VOCs.
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Key words
Halocarbons,Ozone formation potential (OFP),Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation,Health risk,Positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model
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