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Gradient Residual Strain Determination of Surface Impacted Railway S38C Axles by Neutron Bragg-edge Transmission Imaging

ENGINEERING FRACTURE MECHANICS(2024)

Southwest Jiaotong Univ

Cited 1|Views9
Abstract
Non-destructive and quantitative mapping of gradient residual strain distribution in surface-hardened railway S38C axles could provide a positive reference for determining service lifetime and maintenance strategy. To tackle this concern, time-of-flight neutron Bragg-edge transmission imaging was employed by real axle samples with and without impacted crater. A novel and simple procedure to formulate the residual strain field was also developed in this work, with the transmission batch code in Appendix A. By mapping the global two-dimensional residual strains, it can be verified that the residual strains into the axle are uniformly distributed in the hoop direction. Subsequently, it was revealed that the axial and hoop residual strains, respectively in the cylinder and the long strip samples prepared from a real S38C hollow axle, indicated a gradient evolution distribution with a depth of similar to 8 mm, covering a range of -5500 similar to 1000 mu epsilon for axial strains and -6500 similar to 1000 mu epsilon for hoop strains. More importantly, the maximum compressive lattice strain of the cylinder sample was increased by 15.61 %, and 22.35 % at the impacting speeds of 100, and 125 m/s, respectively; and that of the long strip sample increased by 29.17 %, and 43.70 %, respectively. It can thus be concluded that lattice strains have redistributed around the impact crater, demonstrating the local alteration of the residual strain field. These new findings suggest the localized variation in residual strains should be taken into account while evaluating the service damage evolution of railway axles, especially those affected by high-speed impacts during operation.
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Key words
Surface induction hardening,Gradient material and structure,Foreign object impact,Neutron Bragg-edge transmission,Residual strain and stress
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